Environments at Risk: Case Histories of Impact Assessment

کتاب شامل مطالعه موردی معدن مس Island Copper در کانادا و ارزیابی اثرات باطله، آلودگی، حقوق بومی و کنترل‌های زیست‌محیطی است؛ مناسب‌تر برای مرحله محیط‌زیست.

1 Introduction.- 1 Working Concepts.- 1.1 Risk and Assessment.- 1.2 Impact and Recovery: Ecological Catastrophe and Succession.- 1.3 Timing.- 1.4 The Patterns of Risk and Impact.- 1.5 Organisation and Communication.- 1.6 Interaction.- 1.7 Summary.- 2 Assessments.- 2 Construction - Hell's Gate (Canada).- 2.1 The Risks.- 2.2 The Problem and Its Remedies.- 2.2.1 Location, Impact and Timing.- 2.2.2 Assessments Biology.- 2.2.3 Remedies.- 2.2.4 Participants.- 2.3 Issues.- 2.3.1 Research and Development.- 2.3.2 Native Rights.- 2.3.3 Delays.- 2.3.4 Values and Costs.- 2.3.5 Construction Risks.- 2.4 Summary.- 3 Chemicals - Minamata (Japan).- 3.1 The Risks.- 3.2 The Problem and Its Resolution.- 3.2.1 Location.- 3.2.2 Minamata Disease.- 3.2.3 Timing.- 3.2.4 Assessments.- 3.2.4.1 Epidemiology.- 3.2.4.2 The Hunt for the Cause.- 3.2.4.3 Mapping Mercury.- 3.2.4.4 Undersea Reclamation and Its Assessment.- 3.3 Issues.- 3.3.1 Assessment Personnel.- 3.3.2 Prevention: by Discharge Standards.- 3.3.3 The Risk: As Seen Now.- 3.4 Summary.- 4 Mining - Island Copper (Canada).- 4.1 The Industry Risks.- 4.1.1 In General.- 4.1.2 Coastal Mines and Waste Disposal to the Sea.- 4.2 Island Copper's Resolutions.- 4.2.1 Introduction.- 4.2.2 Location.- 4.2.3 Timing.- 4.2.4 Pollution Controls.- 4.2.5 Assessment.- 4.2.6 Effluent.- 4.2.7 Tailing - Direct Impacts.- 4.2.7.1 Water Turbidity.- 4.2.7.2 Seabed Covering.- 4.2.7.3 Water Contamination.- 4.2.7.4 Fish (and Shellfish) Kills.- 4.2.8 Tailings-Derived Impacts.- 4.2.8.1 Habitat and Ecosystem Changes.- 4.2.8.2 Biological Productivity.- 4.2.8.3 Food Chains and Fisheries Changes.- 4.2.8.4 Biological Contamination.- 4.2.9 Land and Freshwater Assessments.- 4.2.10 Summary of Assessments.- 4.3 Issues.- 4.3.1 Assessment Personnel.- 4.3.2 Pollution Controls.- 4.3.3 Media Attention, Social Protest and Environmental Action.- 4.4 Summary.- 5 Organic Chemicals, Pulp and Paper - Annat Point (Scotland).- 5.1 The Industry Risks.- 5.2 Annat Point's Resolution.- 5.2.1 The Impact.- 5.2.2 Assessments.- 5.3 Issues.- 5.3.1 The Team of Scientists.- 5.3.2 Field Versus Laboratory Science: and Timing.- 5.3.3 One-Shot Versus Continuing Assessments: Canadian Mills.- 5.4 Summary.- 6 Sewage - Victoria (Canada).- 6.1 The Risks.- 6.2 Victoria's Resolution.- 6.2.1 The Location of Victoria - Next to the U.S.A.- 6.2.2 The Sewerage Authority.- 6.2.3 The Sewerage System in Victoria.- 6.2.4 Timing - Five Assessment Phases.- 6.2.5 Assessments and Impacts.- 6.2.5.1 MacaulayPoint - The First Deep Outfall.- 6.2.5.2 Clover Point - Accident!.- 6.2.5.3 McMicking Point - Citizen Protests.- 6.2.5.4 Finnerty Cove - Insufficient Action.- 6.2.5.5 The Western Community - The Supreme Court.- 6.2.5.6 West Saanich Peninsula - A Unique Environment.- 6.2.5.7 East Saanich Peninsula - Small Treatment Plants.- 6.2.5.8 Ganges - A Remote Community.- 6.3 Issues.- 6.3.1 Periodic Reviews.- 6.3.2 Institutional Frameworks.- 6.3.3 Assessment Personnel.- 6.3.4 Changing Social Perceptions of EIA.- 6.3.5 Future Risk Assessment.- 6.4 Summary.- 7 Spills - AMOCO CADIZ (France), Bhopal (India), Chernobyl (U.S.S.R.).- 7.1 The Risks.- 7.2 Case 1. AMOCO CADIZ (France).- 7.2.1 Impact and Timing.- 7.2.2 Assessments.- 7.2.3 Issues: Institutional Frameworks and International Co-Operation.- 7.2.4 Summary.- 7.3 Case 2. Bhopal (India).- 7.3.1 Site, Impact and Timing.- 7.3.2 Assessment Problems.- 7.3.3 Issues: The Sudden Emergency.- 7.3.4 Summary.- 7.4 Case 3. Chernobyl (U.S.S.R.).- 7.4.1 Site, Timing and Impact.- 7.4.2 Derived Impacts and Assessments.- 7.4.3 Issues.- 7.4.3.1 A Near-Global Emergency.- 7.4.3.2 The Massive Emergency Response.- 7.4.3.3 International Co-Operation and Information Flow.- 7.4.3.4 Reporting, Archiving, and Hindsight Reviews.- 7.4.4 Summary.- 7.5 Comparison of the Spills.- 8 Multiple and Dispersed Impacts - Acid Rain (USA/Canada), the Thames Estuary (England).- 8.1 The Risks.- 8.2 Case 1. Acid Rain (Eastern North America).- 8.2.1 Location and Background.- 8.2.2 Impact and Timing.- 8.2.3 Assessments.- 8.2.4 Events.- 8.2.5 Networking.- 8.2.6 Controls.- 8.2.7 Issues.- 8.2.8 Summary.- 8.3 Case 2. The Thames Estuary (England).- 8.3.1 History.- 8.3.2 Site, Impact and Timing.- 8.3.2.1 London.- 8.3.2.2 The First Degeneration.- 8.3.2.3 The Second Degeneration.- 8.3.3 Assessments.- 8.3.3.1 D.O.1884.- 8.3.3.2 Chemicals.- 8.3.3.3 Fish.- 8.3.3.4 Other Biological Measures.- 8.3.4 Environmental Quality Control.- 8.3.5 Issues.- 8.3.5.1 Timing.- 8.3.5.2 Powerful People.- 8.3.5.3 Centres of Science.- 8.3.6 Fine-Tuning the Risk.- 8.3.7 Summary.- 8.4 Comparison of Risks.- 3 Reducing Risk.- 9 Environmental Audits - Marcopper Mining Corp. (The Philippines), Bougainville Copper Mine (Papua New Guinea).- 9.1 The Needs.- 9.2 Case 1. Marcopper Mining (The Philippines).- 9.2.1 Location and Timing.- 9.2.2 Environmental Action and Assessments.- 9.2.3 The Audit.- 9.2.4 Summary.- 9.3 Case 2. Bougainville Copper Mine (Papua New Guinea).- 9.3.1 Location and Timing.- 9.3.2 Environmental Action and Assessments.- 9.3.3 The Audit.- 9.3.3.1 Marine Benthos.- 9.3.3.2 Fish Populations.- 9.3.3.3 Fish Trace Metals.- 9.3.3.4 Interaction with the Geomorphology Project.- 9.3.3.5 Interaction with the Geochemistry Project.- 9.3.3.6 Interaction with the Reclamation Project.- 9.3.4 Issues.- 9.3.5 Predictive Assessments.- 9.3.6 Summary.- 9.4 Comparison of the Two Audits.- 10 Permitting and Regulating - Quartz Hill Molybdenum Mine (Alaska), Yabulu Nickel Refinery (Australia).- 10.1 The Permitting Process.- 10.2 Case 1. Quartz Hill Molybdenum Mine (Alaska).- 10.2.1 Location, Timing and Risks.- 10.2.2 The Local Resolutions.- 10.2.2.1 Assessments.- 10.2.2.2 Permitting.- 10.2.3 Issues: Openness.- 10.2.4 Summary.- 10.3 Case 2. Yabulu Nickel Refinery (Australia).- 10.3.1 The Risks for Smelters and Refineries.- 10.3.2 Yabulu's Resolutions.- 10.3.2.1 Location and Processing.- 10.3.2.2 The Permits and Timing.- 10.3.2.3 Assessments.- 10.3.3 Issues: Discretionary Action.- 10.3.4 Summary.- 10.4 Comparison.- 11 Fact-Finding and Social Input - a Public Hearing (Mining, Canada) and a Multinational AGM (Rio Tinto Zinc, England).- 11.1 The Problem.- 11.2 Case 1. A Public Hearing - Mining (Canada).- 11.2.1 The Situation.- 11.2.2 The Event and Timing.- 11.2.3 The Product.- 11.2.4 Media Responses.- 11.2.5 Issues: Alternatives to Public Hearings.- 11.2.6 Summary.- 11.3 Case 2. A Multinational AGM - Rio Tinto Zinc PLC (England).- 11.3.1 The Company.- 11.3.2 The 1984 AGM.- 11.3.3 Issues.- 11.3.3.1 AGM Strategies by Management and Intervenors.- 11.3.3.2 Specifics Versus Issues.- 11.3.3.3 Information Flow.- 11.3.4 Summary.- 4 Self-Help.- 12 Issues.- 12.1 Science and Technology.- 12.1.1 Research and Development.- 12.1.2 Assessment Procedures.- 12.1.3 Pollution Controls and Quality Controls.- 12.2 People: Personnel and Participants.- 12.2.1 Assessment Personnel.- 12.2.2 Case Participants.- 12.3 Social Organisation.- 12.3.1 Delays.- 12.3.2 Costs.- 12.3.3 Openness.- 12.4 Information Flow.- 12.5 Social Demands.- 12.5.1 Native Rights.- 12.5.2 Media and Protest.- 12.6 Risk Planning.- 12.7 Case Histories.- References.